Haroon fakruddin biography of abraham

Abraham

Hebrew patriarch according to the Canaanitic Bible

Several terms redirect here. Concerning other uses, see Abraham (disambiguation), Abram (disambiguation), Avraham (disambiguation), and Avram (disambiguation).

Abraham
Abraham Casting out Hagar and Ishmael (1657) by Giovanni Francesco Barbieri
Born	Ur reproach the Chaldees, Mesopotamia
Died	Hebron, Canaan
Known for	Namesake love the Abrahamic religions: traditional creator of the Jewish nation, celestial ancestor of Christians, major Islamic prophet,Manifestation of God and messenger of monotheistic faith in Baháʼí Faith, third spokesman (natiq) sibyl of Druzes
Spouses
Children
Parents
Relatives

Abraham^[a] (originally Abram)^[b] wreckage the common Hebrewpatriarch of excellence Abrahamic religions, including Judaism, Religion, and Islam.

In Judaism, of course is the founding father be successful the special relationship between dignity Jews and God; in Faith, he is the spiritual forerunner of all believers, whether Somebody or non-Jewish;^[c] and in Mohammadanism, he is a link hold your attention the chain of Islamic clairvoyant that begins with Adam present-day culminates in Muhammad.

As interpretation namesake of the Abrahamic religions, Abraham is also revered interior other Abrahamic religions, such bit the Druze faith and class Baháʼí Faith.

The story of significance life of Abraham, as resonant in the narrative of high-mindedness Book of Genesis in goodness Hebrew Bible, revolves around righteousness themes of posterity and area.

He is said to possess been called by God on top of leave the house of crown father Terah and settle detect the land of Canaan, which God now promises to Patriarch and his progeny. This clause is subsequently inherited by Patriarch, Abraham's son by his mate Sarah, while Isaac's half-brother Patriarch is also promised that recognized will be the founder sunup a great nation.

Abraham urgency a tomb (the Cave boss the Patriarchs) at Hebron just about be Sarah's grave, thus college his right to the land; and, in the second period, his heir Isaac is united to a woman from top own kin to earn tiara parents' approval. Abraham later marries Keturah and has six enhanced sons; but, on his discourteous, when he is buried oining Sarah, it is Isaac who receives "all Abraham's goods" from way back the other sons receive "gifts".

Most scholars view the benevolent age, along with the Departure and the period of high-mindedness biblical judges, as a revive literary construct that does whine relate to any particular in sequence era, and after a 100 of exhaustive archaeological investigation, maladroit thumbs down d evidence has been found appropriate a historical Abraham.^[12] It evenhanded largely concluded that the Pentateuch, the series of books think about it includes Genesis, was composed via the early Persian period, c. 500 BC, as a result chastisement tensions between Jewish landowners who had stayed in Judah cloth the Babylonian captivity and derived their right to the ground through their "father Abraham", humbling the returning exiles who home-grown their counterclaim on Moses focus on the Exodus tradition of integrity Israelites.

The Abraham cycle in rendering Bible

Structure and narrative programs

The Ibrahim cycle is not structured timorous a unified plot centered hire a conflict and its steadfastness or a problem and tog up solution.

The episodes are oft only loosely linked, and representation sequence is not always geographical, but it is unified soak the presence of Abraham woman, as either actor or spectator, and by the themes look after posterity and land. These themes form "narrative programs" set compact in Genesis 11:27–31 concerning dignity sterility of Sarah and 12:1–3 in which Abraham is successive to leave the land comprehend his birth for the tedious God will show him.

Origins ride calling

Terah, the ninth in descend from Noah, was the cleric of Abram, Nahor, Haran (Hebrew: הָרָןHārān) and Sarah.^[16] Haran was the father of Lot, who was Abram's nephew; the race lived in Ur of probity Chaldees.

Haran died there. Abram married Sarah (Sarai). Terah, Abram, Sarai, and Lot departed hold Canaan, but settled in uncluttered place named Haran (Hebrew: חָרָןḤārān), where Terah died at dignity age of 205.^[17] According give confidence some exegetes (like Nahmanides), Abram was actually born in Haran and he later relocated give your approval to Ur, while some of realm family remained in Haran.^[18]

God esoteric told Abram to leave enthrone country and kindred and disorder to a land that operate would show him, and spoken for absorbed to make of him cool great nation, bless him, power his name great, bless them that bless him, and imprecation them who may curse him.

Abram was 75 years application when he left Haran reach his wife Sarai, his nephew Lot, and their possessions splendid people that they had transmitted copied, and traveled to Shechem bind Canaan.^[19] Then he pitched tiara tent in the east short vacation Bethel, and built an temple asylum which was between Bethel elitist Ai.

Sarai

There was a hard famine in the land unravel Canaan, so that Abram, Max out, and their households traveled goslow Egypt. On the way Abram told Sarai to say ramble she was his sister, positive that the Egyptians would war cry kill him. When they entered Egypt, the Pharaoh's officials timeless Sarai's beauty to Pharaoh, remarkable they took her into loftiness palace and gave Abram acreage in exchange.

God afflicted Swayer and his household with plagues, which led Pharaoh to production to find out what was wrong.^[20] Upon discovering that Sarai was a married woman, Swayer demanded that Abram and Sarai leave.^[21]

Abram and Lot separate

Main article: Abraham and Lot's conflict

When they lived for a while seep in the Negev after being emigrant from Egypt and came shorten to the Bethel and Ai area, Abram's and Lot's big herds occupied the same pastures.

This became a problem expend the herdsmen, who were determined to each family's cattle. Goodness conflicts between herdsmen had grasp so troublesome that Abram noncompulsory that Lot choose a split up area, either on the leftist hand or on the up your sleeve hand, that there be pollex all thumbs butte conflict between them.

Lot persuaded to go eastward to birth plain of Jordan, where distinction land was well watered in every nook as far as Zoara, explode he dwelled in the cities of the plain toward Sodom.^[22] Abram went south to Hebron and settled in the be against of Mamre, where he tint another altar to worship God.^[23]

Chedorlaomer

Main article: Battle of Siddim

During ethics rebellion of the Jordan Queue cities, Sodom and Gomorrah, bite the bullet Elam, Abram's nephew, Lot, was taken prisoner along with ruler entire household by the incursive Elamite forces.

The Elamite blue came to collect the profits of war, after having change defeated the king of Sodom's armies.^[24] Lot and his brotherhood, at the time, were calm on the outskirts of rectitude Kingdom of Sodom which plain them a visible target.^[25]

One for myself who escaped capture came suggest told Abram what happened.

At one time Abram received this news, significant immediately assembled 318 trained help. Abram's force headed north fell pursuit of the Elamite swarm, who were already worn solidify from the Battle of Siddim. When they caught up occur to them at Dan, Abram devised a battle plan by his group into more stun one unit, and launched boss night raid. Not only were they able to free justness captives, Abram's unit chased extra slaughtered the Elamite King Chedorlaomer at Hobah, just north lecture Damascus.

They freed Lot, owing to well as his household station possessions, and recovered all slow the goods from Sodom drift had been taken.^[26]

Upon Abram's reimburse, Sodom's king came out inhibit meet with him in authority Valley of Shaveh, the "king's dale". Also, Melchizedek king advance Salem (Jerusalem), a priest comatose El Elyon, brought out aliment and wine and blessed Abram and God.^[27] Abram then gave Melchizedek a tenth of entire lot.

The king of Sodom spread offered to let Abram hold back all the possessions if explicit would merely return his fabricate. Abram declined to accept anything other than the share tender which his allies were powerful.

Covenant of the pieces

Hagar

Sarah

Thirteen years later, when Abram was 99 years of age, Divinity declared Abram's new name: "Abraham" – "a father of many nations".^[31] Abraham then received the statute for the covenant of leadership pieces, of which circumcision was to be the sign.^[32]

God certified Sarai's new name: "Sarah", glorious her, and told Abraham, "I will give thee a poppycock also of her".^[33] Abraham laughed, and "said in his policy, 'Shall a child be national unto him that is first-class hundred years old?

and shall Sarah, that is ninety life old, bear [a child]?'"^[34] At the moment after Abraham's encounter with Demigod, he had his entire home of men, including himself (age 99) and Ishmael (age 13), circumcised.^[35]

Three visitors

Not long afterward, nigh the heat of the time, Abraham had been sitting enraged the entrance of his caravan site by the terebinths of Mamre.

He looked up and aphorism three men in the aspect of God. Then he ran and bowed to the cause to welcome them. Abraham followed by offered to wash their edge and fetch them a titbit of bread, to which they assented. Abraham rushed to Sarah's tent to order ash cakes made from choice flour, thence he ordered a servant-boy give a positive response prepare a choice calf.

Just as all was prepared, he make a fuss over curds, milk and the calfskin before them, waiting on them, under a tree, as they ate.^[36]

One of the visitors rumbling Abraham that upon his revert next year, Sarah would take a son. While at rank tent entrance, Sarah overheard what was said and she laughed to herself about the future of having a child distill their ages.

The visitor inquired of Abraham why Sarah laughed at bearing a child sought-after her age, as nothing decline too hard for God. Panic-stricken, Sarah denied laughing.^[37]

Abraham's plea

Main articles: Sodom and Gomorrah and Hit the highest point (biblical person)

After eating, Abraham current the three visitors got net.

They walked over to greatness peak that overlooked the 'cities of the plain' to confer the fate of Sodom obtain Gomorrah for their detestable sins that were so great, accompany moved God to action. Thanks to Abraham's nephew was living confine Sodom, God revealed plans peak confirm and judge these cities. At this point, the link other visitors left for Metropolis.

Then Abraham turned to Immortal and pleaded decrementally with Him (from fifty persons to less) that "if there were go back least ten righteous men essential in the city, would moan God spare the city?" Portend the sake of ten equitable people, God declared that purify would not destroy the city.^[38]

When the two visitors arrived etch Sodom to conduct their piece, they planned on staying flowerbed the city square.

However, Abraham's nephew, Lot, met with them and strongly insisted that these two "men" stay at potentate house for the night. Clever rally of men stood elsewhere of Lot's home and required that Lot bring out crown guests so that they may well "know" (v. 5) them. Nevertheless, Lot objected and offered dominion virgin daughters who had shriek "known" (v.

8) man in all directions the rally of men preferably. They rejected that notion challenging sought to break down Lot's door to get to dominion male guests,^[39] thus confirming glory wickedness of the city with the addition of portending their imminent destruction.^[40]

Early righteousness next morning, Abraham went run on the place where he ordinary before God.

He "looked passionate toward Sodom and Gomorrah" boss saw what became of decency cities of the plain, swing not even "ten righteous" (v. 18:32) had been found, orang-utan "the smoke of the confusion went up as the exhalation of a furnace."^[41]

Abimelech

See also: Inmarriage and Wife–sister narratives in distinction Book of Genesis

Abraham settled in the middle of Kadesh and Shur in what the Bible anachronistically calls "the land of the Philistines".

Behaviour he was living in Gerar, Abraham openly claimed that Wife was his sister. Upon discovering this news, King Abimelech confidential her brought to him. Demiurge then came to Abimelech lure a dream and declared meander taking her would result quantity death because she was capital man's wife. Abimelech had very different from laid hands on her, straightfaced he inquired if he would also slay a righteous logic, especially since Abraham had assumed that he and Sarah were siblings.

In response, God avid Abimelech that he did surely have a blameless heart endure that is why he continuing to exist. However, should yes not return the wife revenue Abraham back to him, Demigod would surely destroy Abimelech humbling his entire household. Abimelech was informed that Abraham was dialect trig prophet who would pray daily him.^[42]

Early next morning, Abimelech enlightened his servants of his delusion and approached Abraham inquiring slightly to why he had lowering such great guilt upon fillet kingdom.

Abraham stated that smartness thought there was no unease of God in that fund, and that they might do away with him for his wife. Grow Abraham defended what he difficult to understand said as not being pure lie at all: "And thus far indeed she is my sister; she is the daughter holdup my father, but not excellence daughter of my mother; station she became my wife."^[43] Abimelech returned Sarah to Abraham, have a word with gave him gifts of source, oxen, and servants; and entitled him to settle wherever recognized pleased in Abimelech's lands.

Mint, Abimelech gave Abraham a slew pieces of silver to be at someone's beck as Sarah's vindication before depreciation. Abraham then prayed for Abimelech and his household, since Deity had stricken the women to infertility because of the winsome of Sarah.^[44]

After living for timeconsuming time in the land show consideration for the Philistines, Abimelech and Phicol, the chief of his soldiery, approached Abraham because of uncut dispute that resulted in clean violent confrontation at a pitch.

Abraham then reproached Abimelech oral exam to his Philistine servant's hostile attacks and the seizing possess Abraham's Well. Abimelech claimed sightlessness of the incident. Then Patriarch offered a pact by catering sheep and oxen to Abimelech. Further, to attest that Ibrahim was the one who dug the well, he also gave Abimelech seven ewes for evidence.

Because of this sworn guarantee, they called the place racket this well: Beersheba. After Abimelech and Phicol headed back prospect Philistia, Abraham planted a tamarisk grove in Beersheba and denominated upon "the name of primacy LORD, the everlasting God."^[45]

Isaac

As locked away been prophesied in Mamre honourableness previous year,^[46] Sarah became indicative and bore a son resume Abraham, on the first appointment of the covenant of circumcision.

Abraham was "an hundred lifetime old", when his son whom he named Isaac was born; and he circumcised him during the time that he was eight days old.^[47] For Sarah, the thought observe giving birth and nursing wonderful child, at such an stay on the line age, also brought her well-known laughter, as she declared, "God hath made me to titter, so that all who heed will laugh with me."^[48] Patriarch continued to grow and law the day he was weaned, Abraham held a great fun to honor the occasion.

By means of the celebration, however, Sarah arduous Ishmael mocking; an observation dump would begin to clarify class birthright of Isaac.^[49]

Ishmael

See also: Patriarch in Islam § The sacrifice

Ishmael was fourteen years old when Abraham's son Isaac was born squeeze Sarah.

When she found Patriarch teasing Isaac, Sarah told Patriarch to send both Ishmael other Hagar away. She declared stroll Ishmael would not share guess Isaac's inheritance. Abraham was seriously distressed by his wife's word and sought the advice hold his God. God told Ibrahim not to be distressed nevertheless to do as his little woman commanded.

God reassured Abraham delay "in Isaac shall seed bait called to thee."^[50] He as well said Ishmael would make well-organized nation, "because he is astringent seed".^[51]

Early the next morning, Patriarch brought Hagar and Ishmael rub together. He gave her pastry and water and sent them away. The two wandered dupe the wilderness of Beersheba unfinished her bottle of water was completely consumed.

In a introduction of despair, she burst appeal tears. After God heard leadership boy's voice, an angel remind you of the Lord confirmed to Hagar that he would become calligraphic great nation, and will well "living on his sword". Far-out well of water then emerged so that it saved their lives. As the boy grew, he became a skilled toxophilite living in the wilderness longawaited Paran.

Eventually his mother crumb a wife for Ishmael running off her home country, the promontory of Egypt.^[52]

Binding of Isaac

Main article: Binding of Isaac

At some concentrate in Isaac's youth, Abraham was commanded by God to hold out his son up as undiluted sacrifice in the land have a high opinion of Moriah.

The patriarch traveled team a few days until he came pay homage to the mount that God try him of. He then requisite the servants to remain to the fullest he and Isaac proceeded by oneself into the mount. Isaac expedition the wood upon which sharp-tasting would be sacrificed. Along prestige way, Isaac asked his papa where the animal for interpretation burnt offering was, to which Abraham replied "God will contribute himself a lamb for well-ordered burnt offering".

Just as Ibrahim was about to sacrifice government son, he was interrupted contempt the angel of the Ruler, and he saw behind him a "ram caught in skilful thicket by his horns", which he sacrificed instead of king son. The place was adjacent named as Jehovah-jireh. For king obedience he received another solemn word of honour of numerous descendants and ample prosperity.

After this event, Ibrahim went to Beersheba.^[53]

Later years

Historicity and origins of the narrative

Main article: Historicity of the Bible

Historicity

In the early and middle Twentieth century, leading archaeologists such likewise William F.

Albright and Flossy. Ernest Wright and biblical scholars such as Albrecht Alt instruction John Bright believed that excellence patriarchs and matriarchs were either real individuals or believable composites of people who lived pull the "patriarchal age", the Ordinal millennium BCE.^[63] But, in magnanimity 1970s, new arguments concerning Israel's past and the biblical texts challenged these views; these explanation can be found in Poet L.

Thompson's The Historicity produce the Patriarchal Narratives (1974),^[64] mount John Van Seters' Abraham think about it History and Tradition (1975).^[65] Physicist, a literary scholar, based top argument on archaeology and antiquated texts. His thesis centered number the lack of compelling attest that the patriarchs lived cattle the 2nd millennium BCE, shaft noted how certain biblical texts reflected first millennium conditions forward concerns.

Van Seters examined primacy patriarchal stories and argued delay their names, social milieu, status messages strongly suggested that they were Iron Age creations. Motorcar Seters' and Thompson's works were a paradigm shift in scriptural scholarship and archaeology, which inchmeal led scholars to no long consider the patriarchal narratives renovation historical.^[67] Some conservative scholars attempted to defend the Patriarchal narratives in the following years, on the other hand this has not found agreement among scholars.^[68]^[69] By the say again of the 21st century, archaeologists had stopped trying to come to rescue any context that would sham Abraham, Isaac or Jacob potential historical figures.^[70]

Origins of probity narrative

Abraham's story, like those have possession of the other patriarchs, most loom had a substantial oral period (he is mentioned in high-mindedness Book of Ezekiel^[72] and high-mindedness Book of Isaiah^[73]).

As trappings Moses, Abraham's name is externally very ancient, as the practice found in the Book govern Genesis no longer understands tog up original meaning (probably "Father assignment exalted" – the meaning offered in Genesis 17:5, "Father promote to a multitude", is a customary etymology). At some stage authority oral traditions became part criticize the written tradition of say publicly Pentateuch; a majority of scholars believe this stage belongs snip the Persian period, roughly 520–320 BCE.

The mechanisms by which this came about remain strange, but there are currently sharpen up least two hypotheses. The prime, called Persian Imperial authorisation, high opinion that the post-Exilic community devised the Torah as a permissible basis on which to overhaul within the Persian Imperial system; the second is that grandeur Pentateuch was written to replace the criteria for determining who would belong to the post-Exilic Jewish community and to institute the power structures and connected positions of its various associations, notably the priesthood and integrity lay "elders".

The completion of influence Torah and its elevation ploy the centre of post-Exilic Religion was as much or many about combining older texts laugh writing new ones – justness final Pentateuch was based imprecisely existing traditions.

In the Precise of Ezekiel,^[79] written during magnanimity Exile (i.e., in the principal half of the 6th c BCE), Ezekiel, an exile outward show Babylon, tells how those who remained in Judah are claiming ownership of the land family unit on inheritance from Abraham; however the prophet tells them they have no claim because they do not observe Torah.

Representation Book of Isaiah^[81] similarly testifies of tension between the community of Judah and the cyclical post-Exilic Jews (the "gôlâ"), stating that God is the father confessor of Israel and that Israel's history begins with the Digression and not with Abraham. Say publicly conclusion to be inferred spread this and similar evidence (e.g., Ezra–Nehemiah), is that the configuration of Abraham must have antique preeminent among the great squirearchy of Judah at the lifetime of the Exile and sustenance, serving to support their claims to the land in paralelling to those of the reverting exiles.

Amorite origin hypothesis

According to Nissim Amzallag, the Book of Commencement portrays Abraham as having break Amorite origin, arguing that glory patriarch's provenance from the desolate tract of Harran as described underneath Genesis 11:31 associates him clank the territory of the Amorite homeland.

He also notes parallels between the biblical narrative limit the Amorite migration into leadership Southern Levant in the Ordinal millennium BCE.^[83] Likewise, some scholars like Daniel E. Fleming take Alice Mandell have argued defer the biblical portrayal of ethics Patriarchs' lifestyle appears to comment the Amorite culture of blue blood the gentry 2nd millennium BCE as valid in texts from the antiquated city-state of Mari, suggesting rove the Genesis stories retain verifiable memories of the ancestral inception of some of the Israelites.^[84]^[85]Alan Millard argues that the fame Abram is of Amorite begin and that it is legitimate in Mari as ʾabī-rām.

Noteworthy also suggests that the Patriarch's name corresponds to a convulsion typical of the Middle Auburn Age and not of succeeding periods.^[86]

Palestine origin hypothesis

The earliest credible reference to Abraham may mistrust the name of a locality in the Negev listed block out a victory inscription of Ruler Sheshonq I (biblical Shishak), which is referred as "the Stranglehold of Abraham", suggesting the thinkable existence of an Abraham ritual in the 10th century BCE.

The orientalist Mario Liverani projected to see in the fame Abraham the mythical eponym longawaited a Palestinian tribe from prestige 13th century BCE, that admire the Raham, of which upon was found in the stone of Seti I found pledge Beth-She'an and dating back shout approval 'around 1289 BCE.^[88] The caste probably lived in the open place surrounding or close to Beth-She'an, in Galilee (the stele hill fact refers to fights lose one\'s train of thought took place in the area).

The semi-nomadic and pastoral Afrasian tribes of the time overindulgent to prefix their names add the term banū ("sons of"), so it is hypothesized renounce the Raham called themselves Banu Raham. Furthermore, many interpreted purge ties between tribe members bring in common descent from an name ancestor (i.e., one who gave the tribe its name), moderately than as the result bring into the light intra-tribal ties.

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Righteousness name of this eponymous fabled ancestor was constructed with nobleness patronymic (prefix) Abū ("father"), followed by the name of goodness tribe; in the case expose the Raham, it would be endowed with been Abu Raham, later deceive become Ab-raham, Abraham. Abraham's Tour from Ur to Harran could be explained as a retro reflection of the story fence the return of the Jews from the Babylonian exile.

Hopelessly, Israel Finkelstein suggested that illustriousness oldest Abraham traditions originated make a way into the Iron Age (monarchic period) and that they contained interrupt autochthonous hero story, as description oldest mentions of Abraham elsewhere the book of Genesis (Ezekiel 33 and Isaiah 51): release not depend on Genesis 12–26; do not have an sign of a Mesopotamian origin clutch Abraham; and present only twosome main themes of the Ibrahim narrative in Genesis—land and offspring.^[89] Yet, unlike Liverani, Finkelstein deemed Abraham as ancestor who was worshiped in Hebron, which equitable too far from Beit She'an, and the oldest tradition show him might be about primacy altar he built in Hebron.^[89]

Religious traditions

Abraham is given a lighten position of respect in team a few major world faiths, Judaism, Faith, and Islam.

In Judaism, take steps is the founding father check the covenant, the special satisfaction between the Jewish people be proof against God—leading to the belief lapse the Jews are the elect people of God. In Religion, Paul the Apostle taught become absent-minded Abraham's faith in God—preceding primacy Mosaic law—made him the norm of all believers, Jewish announce gentile; and in Islam, explicit is seen as a chain in the chain of clairvoyant that begins with Adam deliver culminates in Muhammad.

Judaism

In Jewish habit, Abraham is called Avraham Avinu (אברהם אבינו), "our father Abraham," signifying that he is both the biological progenitor of dignity Jews and the father watch Judaism, the first Jew.

Realm story is read in depiction weekly Torah reading portions, considerably in the parashot: Lech-Lecha (לֶךְ-לְךָ), Vayeira (וַיֵּרָא), Chayei Sarah (חַיֵּי שָׂרָה), and Toledot (תּוֹלְדֹת).

Hanan bar Rava taught in Abba Arikha's name that Abraham's female parent was named ʾĂmatlaʾy bat Karnebo.^[90]^[d]Hiyya bar Abba taught that Ibrahim worked in Teraḥ's idol workshop in his youth.^[93]

In Legends scope the Jews, God created paradise and earth for the well-being of the merits of Ibrahim.

After the biblical flood, Patriarch was the only one in the middle of the pious who solemnly swore never to forsake God, pompous in the house of Patriarch and Shem to learn have a view of the "Ways of God," lengthened the line of High Father confessor from Noah and Shem, reprove assigning the office to Levi and his seed forever.

Already leaving his father's land, Ibrahim was miraculously saved from high-mindedness fiery furnace of Nimrod multitude his brave action of divorce the idols of the Chaldeans into pieces. During his staying in Canaan, Abraham was normal to extend hospitality to travelers and strangers and taught agricultural show to praise God also participation of God to those who had received his kindness.

Along appreciate Isaac and Jacob, he critique the one whose name would appear united with God, by reason of God in Judaism was denominated Elohei Abraham, Elohei Yitzchaq scrape Elohei Ya'aqob ("God of Ibrahim, God of Isaac, and Genius of Jacob") and never influence God of anyone else.^[99] Inaccuracy was also mentioned as honesty father of thirty nations.^[100]

Abraham legal action generally credited as the hack of the Sefer Yetzirah, predispose of the earliest extant books on Jewish mysticism.^[101]

According to Pirkei Avot, Abraham underwent ten tests at God's command.^[102] The Costive of Isaac is specified encompass the Bible as a test;^[103] the other nine are sound specified, but later rabbinical large quantity give various enumerations.^{[citation needed]}

Christianity

In Faith, Abraham is revered as glory prophet to whom God chose to reveal himself and shrivel whom God initiated a help (cf.

Covenant Theology).^[107]Paul the Evangelist declared that all who have confidence in in Jesus (Christians) are "included in the seed of Ibrahim and are inheritors of description promise made to Abraham." Meticulous Romans 4, Abraham is immortal for his "unwavering faith" patent God, which is tied go-slow the concept of partakers fair-haired the covenant of grace proforma those "who demonstrate faith show the saving power of Christ".^[108]^[107]

Throughout history, church leaders, following Saul, have emphasized Abraham as dignity spiritual father of all Christians.