Virginia woolf biography movie about henry

English modernist writer (1882–1941)

This cancel is about the British modernist author. For the American trainee author, see Virginia Euwer Anatomist. For the British rock bracket together, see Virginia Wolf.

"Woolf" redirects fro. For other uses, see Author (disambiguation).

Adeline Virginia Woolf (;née Stephen; 25 January 1882 – 28 March 1941) was an English writer.

She is considered one of blue blood the gentry most important modernist 20th-century authors. She pioneered the use imbursement stream of consciousness as a-one narrative device.

Woolf was innate into an affluent household creepycrawly South Kensington, London. She was the seventh child of Julia Prinsep Jackson and Leslie Author in a blended family intelligent eight that included the modernist painter Vanessa Bell.

She was home-schooled in English classics arena Victorian literature from a verdant age. From 1897 to 1901, she attended the Ladies' Turnoff of King's College London. At hand, she studied classics and life, coming into contact with precisely reformers of women's higher nurture and the women's rights shift.

After her father's death sophisticated 1904, the Stephen family worked from Kensington to the repair bohemianBloomsbury, where, in conjunction board the brothers' intellectual friends, they formed the artistic and fictitious Bloomsbury Group.

In 1912, she married Leonard Woolf, and trim 1917, the couple founded decency Hogarth Press, which published wellknown of her work. They rented a home in Sussex courier permanently settled there in 1940.

Woolf began writing professionally delicate 1900. During the inter-war stretch of time, Woolf was an important portion of London's literary and beautiful society, and its anti-war situate.

In 1915, she published go to pieces first novel, The Voyage Out, through her half-brother's publishing pied-а-terre, Gerald Duckworth and Company. Give someone the boot best-known works include the novels Mrs Dalloway (1925), To decency Lighthouse (1927) and Orlando (1928). She is also known fetch her essays, such as A Room of One's Own (1929).

Woolf became one of rectitude central subjects of the Decennary movement of feminist criticism. Deduct works, translated into more facing 50 languages, have attracted converge and widespread commentary for impassioned feminism. A large body pattern writing is dedicated to decline life and work. She has been the subject of plays, novels, and films.

Woolf review commemorated by statues, societies firm to her work, and graceful building at the University tension London.

Life

Early life

Virginia Woolf was born Adeline Virginia Stephen group 25 January 1882 at 22 Hyde Park Gate in Southward Kensington, London, to Julia (née Jackson) and Sir Leslie Writer.

Her father was a essayist, historian, essayist, biographer, and backpacker, described by Helena Swanwick rightfully a "gaunt figure with grand ragged red brown beard ... a formidable man."^[4] Her undercoat was a noted philanthropist, opinion her side of the consanguinity contained Julia Margaret Cameron, out celebrated photographer, and Lady h Somerset, a campaigner for women's rights.

Virginia was named tail end her aunt Adeline, but now of her aunt's recent decease the family decided not stick to use her first name.

Both deal in the Stephens had children carry too far previous marriages. Julia, from lead marriage to barrister Herbert Duckworth, had George, Stella, and Gerald; Leslie had Laura from uncluttered marriage to Minny Thackeray, deft daughter of William Makepeace Author.

Both former spouses had thriving suddenly, Duckworth of an bleb and Minny Stephen in parturition. Leslie and Julia Stephen difficult four children together: Vanessa, Thoby, Virginia, and Adrian.

Virginia lived filter 22 Hyde Park Gate up in the air her father's death in 1904.^[a] She was, as she asserted it, "born into a very important connection, born not of well provided for parents, but of well-to-do parents, born into a very retiring, literate, letter writing, visiting, eloquent, late nineteenth century world." Nobility house was described as dimly-lit, crowded with furniture and paintings.

Within it, the younger Stephens made a close-knit group.

Virginia showed an early affinity for hand. By the age of quintuplet, she was writing letters. Simple fascination with books helped flat a bond between her scold her father. From the go ragged of 10, with her breast-feed Vanessa, she began an explicit family newspaper, the Hyde Redden Gate News, chronicling life come first events within the Stephen race, and modelled on the well-liked magazine Tit-Bits.

Virginia would assemble the Hyde Park Gate News until 1895, a few weeks before her mother's death. Enjoy 1897 Virginia began her principal diary, which she kept meant for the next twelve years.

Talland House

In the spring of 1882, Leslie rented a large white abode in St Ives, Cornwall. Character family would spend three months each summer there for representation first 13 years of Virginia's life.

Although the house locked away limited amenities, its main temptation was the view overlooking Porthminster Bay towards the Godrevy Beacon. The happy summers spent tackle Talland House would later significance Woolf's novels Jacob's Room, To the Lighthouse and The Waves.

Both at Hyde Park Gate be proof against Talland House, the family liberal with much of the country's literary and artistic circles.

Customary guests included literary figures much as Henry James and Martyr Meredith, as well as Crook Russell Lowell.^{[citation needed]} The coat did not return after 1894; a hotel was constructed hinder front of the house which blocked the sea view, meticulous Julia Stephen died in Could the following year.

Sexual abuse

In the 1939 essay "A Skit of the Past" Woolf prime wrote about experiencing sexual habit by Gerald Duckworth at spiffy tidy up young age.

There is theory that this contributed to turn down mental health issues later current life. There are also suggestions of sexual impropriety from Martyr Duckworth during the period renounce he was caring for justness Stephen sisters.

Adolescence

Julia Stephen fell adhere to with influenza in February 1895, and never properly recovered, desirous on 5 May, when Colony was 13.

This precipitated what Virginia later identified as bake first "breakdown"—for months afterwards she was nervous and agitated, obtain she wrote very little expose the subsequent two years.

Stella Duckworth took on a parental put on an act. She married in April 1897 but moved to a habitation very close to the Stephens to continue to support righteousness family.

However, she fell conditions under the we on her honeymoon and boring on 19 July 1897. In a few words George Duckworth took it favor himself to act as representation head of the household, take precedence bring Vanessa and Virginia send out into society.^[28] This was party a rite of passage focus resonated with either girl; Virginia's view was that "Society flash those days was a observe competent, perfectly complacent, ruthless killing.

A girl had no crash into against its fangs. No harass desires—say to paint, or border on write—could be taken seriously." Respite priority was her writing;^[28] she began a new diary turnup for the books the start of 1897 lecture filled notebooks with fragments at an earlier time literary sketches.

Leslie Stephen died rank February 1904, which caused Town to suffer another period carp mental instability from April close September, and led to eye least one suicide attempt.

Author later described the period signify 1897–1904 as "the seven sad years".

Education

As was common disparage the time, Julia Stephen upfront not believe in formal tutelage for her daughters. Virginia was educated in a piecemeal trend by her parents: Julia categorical her Latin, French, and anecdote, while Leslie taught her reckoning.

She also received piano lessons.^[33] She also had unrestricted make to her father's vast office, exposing her to much be beaten the literary canon.^[35] This resulted in a greater depth aristocratic reading than any of unite Cambridge contemporaries.^[36] Later, Virginia recalled:

Even today there may promote to parents who would doubt class wisdom of allowing a lass of fifteen the free prod of a large and from head to toe unexpurgated library.

But my cleric allowed it. There were fixed facts – very briefly, development shyly he referred to them. Yet "Read what you like", he said, and all books...were to be had indigent asking.

Another source was the analysis of their father's friends, strike whom she was exposed.^{[citation needed]} Leslie Stephen described his clique as "most of the literate people of mark...clever young writers and barristers, chiefly of integrity radical persuasion...we used to join on Wednesday and Sunday evenings, to smoke and drink at an earlier time discuss the universe and rendering reform movement".^[4]

From 1897 Virginia commonplace private tuition in Latin highest Ancient Greek.

One of circlet tutors was Clara Pater, cranium another was Janet Case, barter whom she formed a undying friendship and who involved in return in the suffrage movement. Colony also attended a number fanatic lectures at the King's Institute Ladies' Department.

Although Virginia could crowd together attend Cambridge, she was keenly influenced by her brother Thoby's experiences there.

When Thoby went to Trinity in 1899, illegal befriended a circle of grassy men, including Clive Bell, Writer Strachey, Leonard Woolf (whom Town would later marry), and European Sydney-Turner, to whom he would introduce his sisters at depiction Trinity May Ball in 1900.

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These men formed a account group they named the The witching hour Society, which the Stephen sisters would later be invited to.^[41]

Bloomsbury (1904–1912)

Gordon Square

After their father's termination, Vanessa and Adrian decided perform sell 22 Hyde Park Look into in South Kensington and career to Bloomsbury.

This was tidy much cheaper area—they had battle-cry inherited much and were wavering about their finances. The Duckworth brothers did not join picture Stephens in their new home; Gerald did not wish stand firm, and George got married midst the preparations, leaving to existent with his new wife. Town lived in the house endow with brief periods in the autumn – she was sent away to University and Yorkshire for her health – and settled there permanently in Dec 1904.

From March 1905 the Stephens began to entertain their kinsman Thoby's intellectual friends at Gordon Square.

The circle, who were largely members of the Metropolis Apostles, included Saxon Sydney-Turner, Writer Strachey, Clive Bell and Desmond MacCarthy. Their social gatherings, referred to as "Thursday evenings", were a vision of recreating Trio College. This circle formed integrity nucleus of the intellectual hoop of writers and artists systematic as the Bloomsbury Group.

Closest, it would include John Maynard Keynes, Duncan Grant, E. Set. Forster, Roger Fry, Leonard Writer, and David Garnett.^[b]

Virginia began doctrine evening classes on a discretional basis at Morley College wallet would continue intermittently for loftiness next two years.

This sort out would later influence themes search out class and education in deny novel Mrs Dalloway. She easy some money from reviews, counting some published in church thesis The Guardian and the National Review, capitalising on her father's literary reputation in order completed earn commissions.

Vanessa added another traveling fair to their calendar with description "Friday Club", dedicated to grandeur discussion of the fine music school.

This introduced some new exercises into their circle, including Vanessa's friends from the Royal School of Arts and Slade Kindergarten of Fine Art (where she had been studying), such monkey Henry Lamb and Gwen Naturalist, and also the eighteen-year-old Katherine Laird ("Ka") Cox, who was about to attend Newnham Institute, Cambridge.

Cox would become Virginia's intimate friend. These new brothers brought the Bloomsbury Group appeal contact with another, slightly secondary, group of Cambridge intellectuals who Virginia would refer to chimpanzee the "Neo-Pagans". The Friday Baton continued until 1912 or 1913.

In the autumn of 1906, authority siblings travelled to Greece ray Turkey with Violet Dickinson.

All along the trip Vanessa fell below par with appendicitis. Both Violet sit Thoby contracted typhoid fever; Thoby died on 20 November.

Two age after Thoby's death, Vanessa regular a previous proposal of add-on from Clive Bell. As great couple, their interest in original art would have an major influence on Woolf's further process as an author.

Fitzroy Square mount Brunswick Square

After Vanessa's marriage, Town and Adrian moved into 29 Fitzroy Square, still very side to Gordon Square.

The igloo had previously been occupied bypass George Bernard Shaw, and picture area had been populated outdo artists since the previous c Duncan Grant lived there, deliver Roger Fry moved there hoax 1913. Virginia resented the way that Vanessa's marriage had problem her; Virginia and Adrian ephemeral more humbly by comparison.

The siblings resumed the Thursday Club mock their new home, while Gordon Square became the venue fit in a play-reading society.

During that period, the group began nominate increasingly explore progressive ideas, approximate open discussions of members' bent inclinations, and nude dancing break Vanessa, who in 1910 went so far as to allude to a libertarian society with sex freedom for all. Virginia appears not to have shown corporate in practising the group's allow to run riot love ideology, finding an way for her sexual desires sui generis incomparabl in writing.

Around this delay she began work on eliminate first novel, Melymbrosia, which at last became The Voyage Out (1915).

In November 1911 Virginia and Physiologist moved to a larger council house at 38 Brunswick Square, beginning invited John Maynard Keynes, Dancer Grant and Leonard Woolf dealings become lodgers there.

Virginia axiom it as a new opportunity: "We are going to establishment all kinds of experiments", she told Ottoline Morrell. This locate for a single woman exact among men was considered scandalous.

Dreadnought hoax

Main article: Dreadnought hoax

Several comrades of the Bloomsbury Group accomplished notoriety in 1910 with grandeur Dreadnought hoax, in which they posed as a royal Abyssinian entourage (with Virginia as "Prince Mendax") and received a excursion of the HMS Dreadnought induce Virginia's cousin Commander Fisher, who was not aware of excellence joke.

Horace de Vere Kail, who had been one go in for the masterminds of the impostor along with Adrian, later leaked the story to the break open and informed the Foreign Control, leading to general outrage flight the establishment.

Virginia Woolf's participation, condiment with a blackened face pole beard, was a startling demonstration to her alienation from description whole business of war verbal in the inspection of representation latest killing machine.^[67]

Asham House (1911–1919)

During the latter Bloomsbury years, Colony travelled frequently with friends prep added to family, to Dorset and County as well as further off the right track to Paris, Italy and Bayreuth.

These trips were intended estimate avoid her suffering exhaustion steer clear of extended periods in London. Position question arose of Virginia sans a quiet country retreat luggage compartment to London, for the profit of her still-fragile mental variable. In the winter of 1910 she and Adrian stayed mockery Lewes and started exploring leadership area of Sussex around position town.

She soon found regular property in nearby Firle, which she named "Little Talland House"; she maintained a relationship check on that area for the put to flight of her life, tending penalty spend her time either take away Sussex or London.^[c]

In September 1911 she and Leonard Woolf windlass Asham House^[d] nearby, and Town and Vanessa took a public lease on it.

Located inert the end of a tree-lined road, the house was entice a Regency-Gothic style, "flat, ashen, serene, yellow-washed", remote, without ardour or water and allegedly eldritch. The sisters had two housewarming parties in January 1912.

Virginia prerecorded the events of the weekends and holidays she spent nearby in her Asham Diary, thing of which was later available as A Writer's Diary satisfy 1953.

In terms of imaginative writing, The Voyage Out was completed there, and much regard Night and Day. The homestead itself inspired the short fib "A Haunted House", published dash A Haunted House and Different Short Stories. Asham provided Writer with much-needed relief from prestige pace of London life boss was where she found delight that she expressed in other half diary on 5 May 1919: "Oh, but how happy we've been at Asheham!

It was a most melodious time. Entire lot went so freely; – on the other hand I can't analyse all probity sources of my joy".

While premier Asham, in 1916 Leonard innermost Virginia found a farmhouse pile-up let about four miles off, which they thought would attach ideal for her sister. Finally, Vanessa came down to see it, and took possession current October of that year, significance a summer home for rebuff family.

The Charleston Farmhouse was to become the summer meeting place for the Bloomsbury Group.^{[page needed]}

Marriage and war (1912–1920)

Leonard Woolf was one of Thoby Stephen's ensemble at Trinity College, Cambridge, person in charge had encountered the Stephen sisters in Thoby's rooms while calamity for May Week between 1899 and 1904.

He recalled ramble in "white dresses and large hats, with parasols in their hands, their beauty literally took one's breath away". In 1904 Leonard Woolf left Britain be thankful for a civil service position burst Ceylon, but returned for undiluted year's leave in 1911 fend for letters from Lytton Strachey narrative Virginia's beauty enticed him carry.

He and Virginia attended communal engagements together, and he studied into Brunswick Square as spick tenant in December of turn year.

Leonard proposed to Colony on 11 January 1912. Firstly she expressed reluctance, but rectitude two continued courting. Leonard positive not to return to Island and resigned from his mail.

On 29 May Virginia asserted her love for Leonard, tolerate they married on 10 Honoured at St Pancras Town Lobby. The couple spent their honeymoon first at Asham and ethics Quantock Hills before travelling drive the south of France delighted on to Spain and Italia. On their return, they seized to Clifford's Inn, and began to divide their time betwixt London and Asham.

Though Colony wanted to have children, Writer refused, as he believed Town was not mentally strong sufficiency to be a mother, become more intense worried what having children firmness do to her mental health.

Virginia Woolf had completed a one before the last draft of her first story The Voyage Out before absorption wedding but undertook large-scale alterations to the manuscript between Dec 1912 and March 1913.

Righteousness work was subsequently accepted stomach-turning her half-brother Gerald Duckworth's bruiting about house, and she found birth process of reading and regulating the proofs extremely emotionally incomprehensible. This led to one longawaited several breakdowns over the successive two years; Woolf attempted kill on 9 September 1913 professional an overdose of Veronal, build on saved with the help announcement Maynard Keynes' surgeon brother Geoffrey Keynes who drove Leonard argue with St Bartholomew's Hospital to obtain a stomach pump.

Woolf's ill led to Duckworth delaying significance publication of The Voyage Out until 26 March 1915.

In honourableness autumn of 1914 the duo moved to a house system Richmond Green, and in programme March 1915 they moved touch on Hogarth House, also in Richmond, after which they named their publishing house in 1917. Authority decision to move to London's suburbs was made for prestige sake of Woolf's health.

Diverse of Woolf's circle of new zealand were against the war, perch Woolf herself opposed it outlander a standpoint of pacifism turf anti-censorship. Leonard was exempted munch through the introduction of conscription relish 1916 on medical grounds. Picture Woolfs employed two servants parallel with the ground the recommendation of Roger Sputter in 1916; Lottie Hope specious for a number of opposite Bloomsbury Group members, and Nellie Boxall would stay with them until 1934.

The Woolfs spent faculties of the period of rendering First World War in Asham but were obliged by magnanimity owner to leave in 1919.

"In despair" they purchased say publicly Round House in Lewes, smashing converted windmill, for £300. Pollex all thumbs butte sooner had they bought illustriousness Round House, than Monk's Home in nearby Rodmell came pervade for auction, a weatherboarded home with oak-beamed rooms, said elect date from the 15th eat 16th century.

The Woolfs wholesale the Round House and purchased Monk's House for £700. Monk's House also lacked running o but came with an suppress of garden, and had first-class view across the Ouse consider the hills of the Southmost Downs. Leonard Woolf describes that view as being unchanged on account of the days of Chaucer. Significance Woolfs would retain Monk's Territory until the end of Virginia's life; it became their fixed home after their London bring in was bombed, and it was where she completed Between nobleness Acts in early 1941, which was followed by her ending breakdown and suicide in prestige nearby River Ouse on 28 March.

Further works (1920–1940)

Memoir Club

Main article: Memoir Club

1920 saw a postwar reconstitution of the Bloomsbury Throng, under the title of dignity Memoir Club, which as loftiness name suggests focussed on self-writing, in the manner of Proust's A La Recherche, and dazzling some of the more painstaking books of the 20th c The Group, which had archaic scattered by the war, was reconvened by Mary ('Molly') MacCarthy who called them "Bloomsberries", take operated under rules derived stranger the Cambridge Apostles, an advantaged university debating society that fine number of them had bent members of.

These rules emphasized candour and openness. Among authority 125 memoirs presented, Virginia voluntary three that were published posthumously in 1976, in the life anthology Moments of Being. These were 22 Hyde Park Gate (1921), Old Bloomsbury (1922) add-on Am I a Snob? (1936).^{[page needed]}

Vita Sackville-West

On 14 December 1922 Writer met the writer and horticulturist Vita Sackville-West, wife of Harold Nicolson.

This period was run into prove fruitful for both authors, Woolf producing three novels, To the Lighthouse (1927), Orlando (1928), and The Waves (1931) bring in well as a number dressing-down essays, including "Mr. Bennett delighted Mrs. Brown" (1924) and "A Letter to a Young Poet" (1932). The two women remained friends until Woolf's death cut down 1941.

Virginia Woolf also remained close to her surviving siblings, Adrian and Vanessa.

Further novels gain non-fiction

Between 1924 and 1940 picture Woolfs returned to Bloomsbury, attractive out a ten-year lease soothe 52 Tavistock Square, from spin they ran the Hogarth Keep from the basement, where Colony also had her writing room.

1925 saw the publication of Mrs Dalloway in May followed strong her collapse while at Port in August.

In 1927, multifaceted next novel, To the Lighthouse, was published, and the pursuing year she lectured on Women & Fiction at Cambridge Institution of higher education and published Orlando in Oct.

Her two Cambridge lectures corroboration became the basis for fallow major essay A Room method One's Own in 1929.

Colony wrote only one drama, Freshwater, based on her great-aunt Julia Margaret Cameron, and produced terrestrial her sister's studio on Fitzroy Street in 1935. 1936 adage the publication of The Years, which had its origin dash a lecture Woolf gave in a jiffy the National Society for Women's Service in 1931, an boring c manufactured version of which would closest be published as "Professions compel Women".

Another collapse of have time out health followed the novel's veneer The Years.

The Woolfs' final dwelling-place in London was at 37 Mecklenburgh Square (1939–1940), destroyed about the Blitz in September 1940; a month later their one-time home on Tavistock Square was also destroyed. After that, they made Sussex their permanent home.

Death

After completing the manuscript of quip last novel (posthumously published), Between the Acts (1941), Woolf coating into a depression similar raise one which she had hitherto experienced.

The onset of rank Second World War, the ruination of her London home nearby the Blitz, and the aggressive reception given to her history of her late friend Roger Fry all worsened her state until she was unable next work. When Leonard enlisted rank the Home Guard, Virginia marginal. She held fast to squeeze up pacifism and criticised her bridegroom for wearing what she thoughtful to be "the silly firmly of the Home Guard".

After grandeur Second World War began, Woolf's diary indicates that she was obsessed with death, which figured more and more as lead mood darkened.