Tobey riddle biography of mahatma gandhi

Native American Modoc woman (c.

1848 – 1920)

"Winema" redirects here. For the steamboat, see Winema (sternwheeler).

Toby "Winema" Riddle (born Nannookdoowah; c.

1848 – 1920) was a Modoc woman who served as an interpreter weighty negotiations between the Native Inhabitant Modoc tribe and the Allied States Army during the Modoc War (also called the Lavatory Beds War). She warned ethics peace commission of a practicable Modoc attack, and she blessed the life of the boss Alfred B.

Meacham when say publicly 1873 attack took place.

She and her family toured accelerate Meacham after the war, rector in his lecture-play "Tragedy retard the Lava Beds", to apprise American people about the combat. Meacham later published a restricted area about Winema, which he earnest to her. In 1891 Mug Riddle was one of righteousness few Native American women lowly be awarded a military old-age pension by the United States Coitus, for her heroic actions alongside the peace negotiations in 1873.

(Her first name also appears spelled as "Tobey" in consecutive records.)

Early life and education

She was born Nannookdoowah, which pathway "strange child," as she was born with red-tinted hair.^[1] Gorilla a girl, she was given name Winema, (woman chief) after freeing some playmates from being ambushed in cascades in their canoe.^[2] As a young woman, she was said to have infested with with raiding parties of other ranks to gather horses from antagonistic camps.^[1] Winema was a cousingerman of Kintpuash (also known reorganization Captain Jack), the leader chastisement the Modoc tribe at picture time of the Modoc War.^[1]

Marriage and family

Winema married Frank Part, a white settler who difficult to understand emigrated from Kentucky to Calif.

during the California Gold Celerity. They settled near her kinsmen in the Lost River stand-in and had a son, Charka ("the handsome one"). They extremely named him Jefferson C. Actress Riddle, in honor of class Army general Jefferson C. Actress who ended the Modoc Clash.

Interpreters

Winema Riddle was one ferryboat several Modoc who learned Reliably, and her husband Frank abstruse learned her language.

They both served as interpreters before scold during negotiations related to greatness creation of the Klamath Condition.

They served as interpreters send back to the peace commission prescribed in 1873 to settle righteousness Modoc War.^[3] During the 1873 negotiations, sometimes Winema carried messages between General Edward Canby fairy story Kintpuash; as a woman, she was considered peaceful.

After captivating a message to Captain Jack's Stronghold to schedule a serenity talk, Winema learned of spiffy tidy up Modoc plot to assassinate Canby. She warned the peace lie-down, but they went on variety planned with the meeting. Canby and Thomas were killed manage without Modoc, and other peace commissioners and staff were wounded.

Mug Riddle was there and blest Alfred B. Meacham from actuality scalped and killed.^[1][2]

Afterward the Miserly Army, commanded by General President C. Davis, finally captured Chieftain Jack and other Modoc vanguard. They were tried and criminal before a US military chase, and Captain Jack and couple others were executed.

153 components of the band were unfriendly as prisoners of war make Indian Territory in present-day Oklahoma. Some other Modoc, including say publicly Riddle family, returned to leadership Klamath Reservation.^[2]

Meacham continued to sponsor Native American rights. He wrote a lecture-play "Tragedy of rendering Lava Beds",^[4] starring Winema, Be honest, and their son Jeff, illustrious toured with them and River representatives across the country backing the next two years.

They reached New York before recurring to make their home cage up Oregon.^[5] Meacham said that Wi-ne-ma was popular with audiences, brand she had worked for ataraxia between the peoples.^[1] He extremely published a book about Winema in 1876 and dedicated squarely to her:

This book legal action written with the avowed goal of doing honor to rendering heroic Wi-ne-ma who at grandeur peril of her life required to save the ill ordained peace commission to the Modoc Indians in 1873.

The female to whom the writer decay indebted, under God, for redemptional his life.^[1][6]

Meacham wrote, the term of

Winema has taken warmth place beside those of Sara Winnimucca and Sacajawea in nobleness annals of the early western. The personal daring of these Indian Women and the roles they played as negotiators mid their people and the palefaces have lifted them above considerations of race into the ranks of the great women imbursement all time.^[6]

Because of her fearless role in trying to come to someone's rescue the peace commissioners during glory 1873 talks, Meacham petitioned Period to award Riddle a brave pension.

In 1891 the US Congress authorized spick military pension for Toby Challenge of $25 per month, which she received until her dying in 1920.^[2] Toby and Frank's son Jeff C. Riddle wrote his own account of righteousness Modoc War, to give honourableness Indian perspective, which he obtainable in 1914.

Toby attended grandeur Centennial Exposition of 1876 keep Philadelphia, and the Panama–Pacific Ecumenical Exposition in San Francisco hold 1915.

In later years, Unruly lived at Yainax Butte, Oregon, on the Klamath Reservation.^[3] Go to regularly of the Riddle descendants pursue to live in the square footage of the Klamath Reservation.

Legacy and honors

• Winema Riddle was disposed of the few Native Indweller women to be honored induce the US Congress authorizing a-okay military pension for her for of her heroism.
• Several regional landmarks are named "Winema" in scratch honor, including the Winema Public Forest.

References

Further reading

External links

• Rebecca Bales, "Winema and the Modoc War: One Woman's Struggle answer Peace", Prologue Magazine, The Civil Archives
• Jeff C.

  Riddle, The Amerindian History of the Modoc Fighting, and the Causes that Overexcited to It, Marnell and Corporation, 1914, Internet Archives, online contents with photos

• PBS "History Detectives" event about Toby Riddle